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DOI: 10.1177/103841118402200306 Japanese Labour Relations and Australian IndustryTwenty-five years ago vehicle manufacture was centred in the United States and Western Europe, with each national market relatively well insulated from international competition. Compared to today vehicle industry competition was then a very polite affair; Western Europe dominated the super luxury, and small car markets while the United States had leadership in the greater volume sections in between. Japanese vehicle production was considered to be a back-water industry by world standards, and it was yet to produce a car that could compete internationally. Japanese cars lacked the engineering refinements of European products or the power, high style and comfort found in American vehicles, Cars, like other Japanese industrial products, were notorious for poor quality. Made in Japan'in the early 1960's still signalled inferiority. However, by 1981 Japanese car production surpassed that of the United States by some three million units, and the industry had recorded a twenty-three fold increase over its 1960 production levels.
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